Before it had a French name, before it had a grid, before Bienville put an axe to the first cane stalk in a swamp along the Mississippi, this place already had a name. The Choctaw called it Bulbancha — "place of many tongues." A trading post. A meeting ground. A city before the city. The Indigenous people of this land — the Houma, Bayougoula, Choctaw, Chitimacha, Tunica, and others — had been moving through it, trading on it, and living with it for centuries before Europe arrived with a map and a claim.
The French "founding" of 1718 was messier than history books suggest. What actually happened in late March or early April of that year was this: Bienville's expedition anchored off what is now the upper French Quarter, and thirty workers — all convicts — were sent ashore to clear a dense canebrake near present-day North Peters Street. Six carpenters built provisional shelters. There was no ceremony. No certainty. Colonial authorities in Paris questioned whether the site was viable for years afterward and nearly relocated the entire settlement to Bayou Manchac. The city they named after a French duke who had never set foot there nearly didn't happen at all.
"The colonists would have starved if it weren't for African labor and technology. The only successful crop in the first years was rice — which the enslaved West African farmers knew how to cultivate from expertise developed back home."
Within a year of the founding, in 1719, the first ship bearing Africans trafficked from the Senegambia region arrived at present-day Algiers Point. Their forced labor built New Orleans from the ground up — draining swamps, constructing levees, growing rice, harvesting sugarcane, crafting the ironwork that tourists now photograph on every French Quarter balcony, and laying the bricks under every cobblestone street. Historian Larry Powell said it plainly: France may have founded Louisiana as we know it, but it was enslaved people from Senegal and Congo who laid the foundation.
The culture followed the same pattern. In 1724, the French instituted the Code Noir — the Black Codes — which designated Sunday as a day of rest for enslaved people. The colonial government intended this as a concession. What it became was a container for resistance. Enslaved Africans and free people of color gathered in an open space at the edge of the city — Congo Square, in what is now the Tremé — and held drumming circles, performed ceremonies, traded goods, and kept their West African traditions alive. This was the only place in North America where enslaved people were legally permitted to gather openly and play their native music. Jazz did not come from France. It came from those Sunday circles.
"Jazz did not come from France. It came from those Sunday circles."
The wealth story runs the same track. By the mid-1800s, the highest concentration of millionaires in America lived between New Orleans and Baton Rouge. That wealth came from sugar and cotton — industries built entirely on the forced labor of enslaved Black people. The opulent Garden District mansions and French Quarter townhouses that define the city's visual identity today were built by hands that never owned them and financed by bodies that were never compensated. The city that the whole world associates with pleasure, music, food, and culture was built as an extraction engine — and the people who built it were written out of the story of its wealth almost immediately.
What New Orleans did — what made it different from every other American city — was that the people who were extracted from could not be fully erased. The culture was too alive. The resistance was too organized. The free people of color built churches, schools, and institutions a century before the Civil Rights Movement. Enslaved people formed maroon colonies in the swamps. Charles Deslondes led more than 500 people in an 1811 rebellion that marched toward the city. Marie Laveau held court. Congo Square kept beating. The Mardi Gras Indians kept masking. The second lines kept rolling.
The city was named Bulbancha before it was named New Orleans. Place of many tongues. That name was not an accident — it was a description of what this land has always been. A place where cultures collided, survived, and built something the world has never seen anywhere else. The wealth was encoded here long before anyone gave it a deed. This magazine exists to name it out loud.